HobPre: accurate prediction of human oral bioavailability for small molecules Journal of Cheminformatics Full Text
Approximately 40% of calcium from dairy sources is absorbed under normal circumstances, with higher absorption in children and lower absorption in elderly . The efficiency of calcium storage in bone tissue is mainly determined by physiological factors (e.g., related to growth, pregnancy, and lactation), and is regulated by several hormones, such as PTH, calcitonin, calcitriol, and estrogens. Adults are generally in negative calcium balance after their peak bone mass (~35 y) and loose ~10 mg of calcium each day, although in post-menopausal women the daily loss may be 40 mg per day or more . probio one of calcium is determined by absorption in the small intestine on the one hand and by incorporation into bone tissue on the other hand. The bioavailability of calcium may therefore be defined as the fraction of dietary calcium that is absorbed by the intestine and is used for bone mineralization.
Bioavailability and Bioequivalence*
Understanding of these processes will help to better predict the true nutrient value of foods and to incorporate this information into diet scores in the future. Non-nutritive bioactive compounds are also present in multitude, comprising of phenolics, carotenoids, and glucosinolates. Although these bioactive compounds are regarded as non-essential for human survival, they may exert health effects such as reduced risk of non-communicable and degenerative diseases (71–76). Delivery of fiber, both digestible and indigestible, is another important nutritional aspect of vegetables and fruits.
Clinical Significance
Bioavailability determinations based on the peak plasma concentration can be misleading because drug elimination begins as soon as the drug enters the bloodstream. Peak time is the most widely used general index of absorption rate; the slower the absorption, the later the peak time. Chemical equivalence indicates that drug products contain the same active compound in the same amount and meet current official standards; however, inactive ingredients in drug products may differ.
1 Universal approach about comparative bioavailability
It has an important impact on satiety, gastrointestinal processing, metabolic parameters, and microbiota composition. It constitutes a group of heterogeneous polymers such as non-starch polysaccharides, cellulose, resistant starch, inulin, lignins, chitins, pectin, beta-glucans, and oligosaccharides. Dietary fiber may stimulate intestinal fermentation, thereby altering the production of microbial phenolic metabolites and enhancing mineral absorption . However, dietary fiber can also negatively affect the absorption of nutrients because of gel formation, increased viscosity, or binding and entrapment (96–98). Other compounds present in vegetables and fruits may have negative consequences for human nutrition and health, such as alkaloids, oxalates, phytic acid, lectins, trypsin and protease inhibitors, tannins, and cyanogens. Anti-nutrients can be removed or inactivated by various food processing procedures, such as fermentation, germination, boiling, leaching, and extraction .
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Institutional access
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Bioavailability and potency of natural-source and all-racemic alpha-tocopherol in the human: a dispute
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